CONTENTS
1 Prologue
- The art and science of metals
- Chemical metallurgy
- Mechanical metallurgy
- Physical metallurgy
- Metallurgical science and industry
2 The Atomic Nucleus
- Composition of nuclei
- Nuclear binding
- Radioactive changes
- Uses of radioactivity
- Materials in nuclear reactors
- Origin and abundance of the elements
3 Atomic Structure
- Electropositive and electronegative elements
- The periodic table
- Quantum mechanics
- The Schrodinger equation
- The hydrogen atom
- Atomic structures of the elements
- Sizes of atoms and ions
4 Chemical Bonding
- Forces between atoms
- Origin of interatomic forces
- Covalent bonding
- Transition to ionic bonding
- Transition to metallic bonding
- The metallic state
5 Heat and Energy
- Thermodynamics
- Internal energy and enthalpy
- Standard thermodynamic properties
- Combustion
- Furnaces
6 Entropy and Free Energy
- Direction of chemical change
- Entropy
- Free energy
- Phase changes; vaporization
- The physical nature of entropy
- The exponential energy distribution
- Activation energy
7 Free Energies of Metallic Compounds
- The Ellingham diagram
- Effect of temperature
- Dissociation temperature and pressure
- The equilibrium constant
- Oxidizingreducing gas mixtures
- Solutions
- Refractories
8 Extraction of Metals
- Metallic ores
- Concentration of ore
- Slags
- Tin
- Sulphide ores
- Copper. Nickel. Zinc
- The zinc blast furnace
9 Electrochemical Extraction and Refining Processes
- Electrolysis
- Aluminium
- Magnesium, calcium and alkali metals
- Electrochemistry of aqueous solutions
- Electrolytic extraction from aqueous solutions
- Electrolytic refining in aqueous solutions
10 Extraction of Reactive and Refractory Metals
- Introduction
- The Pidgeon process for magnesium
- Use of halides
- Titanium
- Uranium
- Refractory metals
- Tungsten and Molybdenum
11 Iron and Steel Making
- Introduction
- The iron-making blast furnace
- Chemistry of ironmaking
- Recent developments in the blast furnace method
- Wrought iron
- Early steel-making processes
- The Bessemer process
- The open hearth process
- Killed and rimming steels
- Electric steel-making
- Ferro-alloys
- Oxygen steel-making
12 Kinetics of Metallurgical Reactions
- Introduction
- Theory of reaction rates
- Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions
- Diffusion and heat conduction
- Effects of mixing
- Nucleation
13 Solids, Liquids and Solidification
- Metal crystals
- Liquid metals
- Nucleation of crystals from a melt
- Nucleation of melting
- Glasses
- Growth of crystals from a melt
- The grain structure of metals
- Solidification of solutions and impure metals
- Structures of cast metals
- Casting and related processes
- Growth of single crystals
14 Alloys
- Types of alloys
- Solid solutions
- Primary substitutional solid solutions
- Intermediate phases
- Interstitial phases
- The free energy of solid solutions
- Phase mixtures
- The stable state of an alloy
- Equations of phase equilibrium; the phase rule
- The free energy of intermediate phases
- Variation of solubility with temperature
- Long-range order in solid solutions
- Short-range order and antiphase domains
- Ordering of carbon atoms in martensite
15 The Phase Diagram
- Introduction
- Complete miscibility in the solid state
- Partial miscibility in the solid state
- Systems containing intermediate phases
- More complicated phase diagrams
- Phase changes in alloys
- Zone refining
- The determination of phase diagrams
- Gas-metal systems
- The chemical potential
16 Ternary Phase Diagrams
- Representation of the phase diagram
- Simple eutectic system
- Horizontal sections
- Vertical sections
- Ternary solid solutions
- More complex diagrams
17 Metal Crystals – I Periodicity
- Introduction
- Periodicity
- Translational symmetry and crystal plasticity
- Dislocations
- Miller indices
- Burgers vectors and glide systems in metals
- Diffraction of x-rays
- Electron and neutron diffraction
- Electron microscopy
- Field-ion microscopy
18 Metal Crystals – II Directionality
- Rotational symmetry
- Stereographic projection
- Anisotropy
- Strain
- Stress
- Hooke’s law
- Plastic glide of metal crystals
- Plasticity of polycrystals
- Coherent and non-coherent crystal boundaries
19 Metal Crystals – III Energies and Processes
- Cohesion
- Thermal properties
- Energies of dislocations
- Energies of surfaces
- Grain boundaries and interfaces
- Misfit energies of solute atoms and inclusions
- Energies of point defects
- Diffusion
- Vacancy creep and sintering
- Radiation damage
20 Heat-treatment of Alloys
- Introduction
- Decomposition of supersaturated solid solutions
- Development of commercial age-hardening alloys
- Heat-treatment of steels
- Formation of pearlite
- Pro-eutectoid reactions
- Formation of bainite
- Formation of martensite
- Tempering of quenched steel
- Case-hardening of steel
21 Mechanical Properties
- The tensile test
- The yield stress
- Yield points in metals
- Effects of grain size
- Alloy hardening
- Work hardening
- Recovery, recrystallization, and hot working
- Combined dispersion hardening and work hardening
- Creep
- Theory of fracture
- Brittle fracture of steel
- Chemical embrittlement
- Creep rupture
- Metal fatigue
- Fibre strengthening
22 Plastic Working
- Introduction
- Simple elongation
- Forging
- Mechanics of plane strain deformation
- The friction hill
- Surface indentation
- Rolling
- Extrusion
- Wire drawing
- Deep drawing and sheet metal working
- Seamless tube making
- Metal working at high speeds
- Superplasticity
23 Oxidation and Corrosion
- Introduction
- Oxidation
- Prevention of oxidation
- Corrosion in acids and alkalies
- Electrochemical corrosion
- Atmospheric corrosion
- Intergranular corrosion and dezincification
- Prevention or restraint of corrosion
- Stress-corrosion
- Corrosion-fatigue
24 Electronic Structure and Properties
- Electrons in a lattice
- Brillouin zones
- Metals and insulators
- Conductivity of metals
- Semi-conductors
- Zone theory of alloys
- Magnetic properties
- Magnetic domains
- Superconductivity
25 Properties and Uses
- Strength and cost
- Plain carbon steels
- Alloy steels
- Cast iron
- Strength and weight
- Aluminium and its alloys
- Chemical inertness
- Copper and its alloys
- Fusibility
- High-temperature properties
- Electromagnetic and nuclear properties
